Drug-induced (DI) crystal nephropathy (CN) is a relatively rare kidney disease that is not always easy to diagnose and potentially leads to acute
kidney injury (AKI), which may lead to the need for haemodialysis and is associated with a high risk of mortality. Th e aim of the review was analysis and
systematisation of data on drugs, the intake of which is associated with development of DICN, conditioning the increased risk of drug-induced AKI, on its
pathophysiological mechanisms, analysis of possible methods of treatment and prevention.
Th e search for the specifi ed keywords was carried out in the eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed®, MEDLINE, EMBASE databases, guidelines and methodological
recommendations, materials of databases of adverse reactions, instructions for the medical use of drugs published within the period up to June 2021.
Most oft en, DICN is associated with the use of such drugs as sulfadiazine, acyclovir, indinavir, triamterene, methotrexate, as well as orlistat, ciprofl oxacin,
amoxicillin, oral sodium phosphate preparations, etc. Th e main pathophysiological mechanism of CN development is the precipitation of poorly soluble substances in the urine and formation of crystals. Th ereat, one part of the drug crystallises and the precipitate falls out directly into the renal tubules, the other
part acts through a change in metabolism, increasing the concentration of other poorly soluble compounds in the urine.
Th e risk factors for DICN include the risk factors for AKI as well as drug-specifi c risk factors, such as urine pH. Clinically, СN is most oft en manifested by
symptoms of AKI, sometimes with development of acute renal colic and hematuria. In СN treatment, it is required to cancel the inducer drug or reduce its
dose, stimulate diuresis with replenishment of the intravascular fl uid volume using infusions of balanced electrolyte solutions. For the prevention of DICN,
it is important to take into account all possible risk factors for its development, use adequate doses of drugs and avoid the prescription of potentially
nephrotoxic drugs.

Th e aim of the research. A systematic review of data published in recent years on the urokinase system, its role in carcinogenesis at the cellular level with an
emphasis on the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer.
Material and methods. Th e research was compiled based on Russian and English publications from the Medline and E-library databases dated 2015 to 2021
using the following keywords: “urokinase” AND “cancer”, “urokinase” AND “colorectal”, “urokinase” AND “biomarker” in the Title and Abstract fi elds. Out
of the references found, a total of 59 publications were included in this review.
Results. Th e urokinase system is involved in many processes of carcinogenesis: from degradation of the extracellular matrix and tumour metastasis to proliferation and apoptosis suppression in tumour cells. Th e search for new biomarkers for diagnosis, assessment of progression and prognosis of colorectal
cancer is of great interest due to the imperfection, economic ineffi ciency and laboriousness of other methods for diagnosing this disease. In addition, such
markers may be not merely diagnostically signifi cant agents, but also objects for targeted antitumor therapy. Urokinase and its receptor act as a potential new
biomarker for screening, diagnosis and predicting the progression of colorectal cancer. In future, they may replace the CEA and CA19-9 levels proven to be
non-signifi cant.
Conclusion. In recent years, many discoveries have been made in this area. However, obtaining of diagnostically signifi cant results and safe application
of targeted therapy require further research

Th e growing number of elderly and senile people in the total population remains one of the most important demographic problems of the modern
society. Th e population aging entails an increase in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Th e paper presents a review of the current literature on
sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in CKD patients. Th e search was performed in PubMed and e-LIBRARY databases among papers published between
1996 and 2021. Th e search was carried out using the keywords “sarcopenia”, “cognitive impairment”, “chronic kidney disease”, “population aging”, “glomerular
fi ltration rate”. With increasing age, the prevalence of sarcopenia grows (60-70 years – 5-13 %; over 80 years old – from 11 to 50 %). Against the background
of CKD progression, the incidence of sarcopenia increases by 45%. Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in patients with CKD are interrelated through
common pathophysiological development mechanisms

Cognitive dysfunction is one of the manifestations of the neurological complications in coronavirus infection. In this article, we have collected
material on the state of cognitive functions aft er suff ering a coronavirus infection with aspects of possible pathogenetic mechanisms and a discussion on
the prospects for treatment and rehabilitation. Th e COVID-19 pandemic, having manifested itself in December 2019, remains one of the most controversial
topics in the world to the day. Th e growing number of reports about damage to the nervous system during coronavirus infection suggests that the virus is
neurotropic. In the clinical picture of the disease, less attention is paid to such symptoms as severe weakness, fatigue, memory impairment. At the same
time, it is this symptomatology that most oft en accompanies patients in the postcovid period and signifi cantly reduces their quality of life, thereby making it
diffi cult to adapt to social and work activities. Th e search was conducted for literatures published within the period from 2020 to the third quarter of 2021,
domestic and foreign sources from the Web of Science, PubMed databases were analysed. Th e search queries were the following ones: “COVID-19”, “cognitive impairment”, “postcovid syndrome”

Th e purpose of the study. Improve the results of early diagnosis of pancreonecrosis based on the examination of the cytoplasmic membrane of red blood cells.
Material and methods. Th e morphological and physiological state of erythrocyte was examined using an Integra Aura atomic power microscope (CJSC NTMDT, Russia). A total of 37 people without somatic pathology and 38 patients with pancreonecrosis were examined. Th e cell membrane of each erythrocyte
was scanned as well as each cell as a whole. A total of 940 red blood cells were examined. Th e Nova soft ware was used to process the data received with the
AFM.
Results. Our study has shown that the shape of the erythrocyte does not change in pancreonecrosis. However, structural changes of the membrane occur
manifested by formation of multiple erosions on its surface against the background of POL activation, which leads to its deformation and increased adhesion.
Th ese changes reduce the transport capacity of the blood, which, in our opinion, leads to an increase in the general intoxication of the body and to deterioration
in the condition of the patient.
Conclusion. Apparently, the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in the membrane causes its reorganisation, the number of sedentary conglomerates
and lipid clusters increases, leading to a decrease in the speed of movement of protein molecules against the background of the rigidity of the erythrocyte
membrane and deformation of its surface. In addition, increased adhesion of the erythrocyte membrane seems to disrupt not only the gas transmission
function of the erythrocyte, but also the microrheological status of the blood, binding and transfer of amino acids, lipids, viruses and drugs.

Th e aim of the research. To study the changes in luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils in cardiac surgical patients in the early postoperative
period.
Material and methods. A cohort prospective study was conducted, enrolling 45 cardiac surgical patients aft er medial sternotomy. Th e gender composition
of the clinical group was 37 (82.2 %) men and 8 (17.8 %) women, the average age in the group was 59.29 [37.2; 72.1] years. Chemiluminescent analyses were
performed in the preoperative period and 1-3 days aft er surgery.
Results. Evaluation of functional activity of leukocytes is an important parameter characterising homeostasis and protective reactions of the macroorganism.
Leukocyte reactivity analysis is a signifi cant parameter in development of various pathological states, including operational stress since functional activation
of white blood cells increases the production of cytotoxic and biologically active substances aff ecting the pathogenesis of the development of an infl ammatory
reaction. An increase in the rate of formation of reactive oxygen species was found in both spontaneous and luminol-activated reactions and the total functional activity of neutrophils was determined. It may be assumed that in the pathological process under study, the reaction of formation of reactive oxygen
radicals in neutrophilic granulocytes occurs, to a greater extent, through the myeloperoxidase pathway.
Conclusion. Th us, the induction of the reaction by luminol caused an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, which lets us assume the increase
in the reserve metabolic capabilities of neutrophil granulocytes in patients in the early postoperative period.

Th e aim of the research. correlation analysis between the DMFT index, the content of the active form of vitamin D – 25(OH)D3 in blood and the level of
protective proteins in mixed saliva in young individuals with dental caries.
Material and methods. Th e content of vitamin D metabolite in serum of young individuals with dental caries was evaluated using the chemiluminescent
immunoassay method. Th e concentrations of the antimicrobial peptide – cathelicidin LL-37, alpha-defensin 1-3, secretory immunoglobulin A, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) in oral fl uid were determined using the ELISA method. During dental examination, the analysis of dental caries intensity
was conducted through calculating the DMFT index. Statistical processing of the study results was carried out with the “IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25.0”
(International Business Machines Corporation, USA) soft ware package.
Results. A noticeable inverse relationship between DMFT values, the level of 25(OH)D3 in serum and the values of LBP and sIgA in saliva has been revealed.
Th e content of cathelicidin LL-37, alpha-defensin 1-3, secretory immunoglobulin A and LBP in the oral fl uid of young individuals with dental caries decreases
against the background of a low level of serum 25(OH)D3, while noticeable direct correlations between the active form of vitamin D and the value of cathelicidin LL-37, alpha-defensin 1-3 and LBP have been registered.
Conclusion. Th e established close relations between the carious process intensity, the volume of 25(OH)D3 in the organism and the immune parameters
of saliva confi rm the pathogenetic signifi cance of shift s in the system of oral cavity protection factors.

Th e aim of the research. Determination of the features in the course of chronic heart failure (CHF) against the background of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
through comparative analysis of laboratory-instrumental and clinical indicators of the course of CHF in patients with and without RA, as well as the search
for possible associations between basic anti-infl ammatory therapy and the studied parameters.
Material and methods. A total of 256 patients participated in the study (all study participants were female): the study group included 134 CHF patients with
RA. Th e comparison group included 122 CHF patients without RA. Th e functional class of CHF in the study groups according to NYHA was I-II. Th e diagnosis of CHF was established on the basis of modern ESC and RСS criteria. Th e diagnosis of RA was confi rmed using laboratory and instrumental criteria.
A comparative assessment of clinical and laboratory parameters in the examined groups was carried out. Th e analysis of possible associations between basic
anti-infl ammatory therapy of RA and the RA course indicators was carried out. Th e paper presents statistically reliable results. Data processing was carried
out using the Statistica 10.0 program. Th e level of signifi cance when testing statistical hypotheses was set at p<0.05.
Results. Th e study revealed statistically signifi cant predominance of the E/e› value in the group of CHF patients with RA in comparison to the patients without
RA. Th e level of NT-proBNP in the group of CHF patients with RA had signifi cantly lower values in comparison to patients without RA. In CHF patients with
RA taking lefl unomide, the level of NT-proBNP had no statistically signifi cant diff erences in comparison to CHF patients without RA. In the group of CHF
patients with RA, a statistically signifi cant inverse association between methotrexate dosage with the E/e’ and NT-proBNP parameters was found.
Conclusion. Th e intake of 15 mg / day methotrexate may have a positive eff ect on such parameters as E / e› and NT-proBNP in CHF patients with RA. However, prospective studies are required to confi rm this hypothesis.

Th e aim of the research. To assess the levels of cytokines characterising the balance of Th 1 / Th 2 / Th 17 lymphocytes in the expired breath condensate, as well
as to study the role of polymorphic variants of these cytokine genes in Krasnoyarsk children with bronchial asthma (BA), depending on the severity and of
the disease control level.
Material and methods. Th e study group included 104 BA children and 65 children without bronchopulmonary and allergic diseases in medical history. Th e
diagnosis, severity and disease control level were established in accordance with the recommendations by the GINA working group. Children were divided
into groups depending on the severity and BA control level. Research material was considered to be the expired breath condensate (EBC) and DNA from
peripheral blood. DNA isolation was carried out by the sorbent method, and genotyping was performed by the real-time PCR method. EBC was collected
using the RTube Exhaler Breath Condensate Collector. Th e concentration of cytokines in native EBC samples was determined using the MagPix multiplex
immunoassay system. Th e results were processed using the Statistica soft ware package for Windows 10.0 and Microsoft Excel, 2007. Th e allele and genotype
frequencies were compared with both an online calculator and the χ-square test. An odds ratio (OR) with a 95 % confi dence interval (CI) was carried out to
associate the genetic markers with pathology phenotypes.
Results. When comparing the genotype and allele frequencies of IL13 rs1800925 polymorphism in BA and control groups, we demonstrated a statistically
signifi cant diff erence for the CC genotype and the T allele. In addition, the prevalence of genotype AA IL17A rs2275913 was found to be higher in the group with controlled ВА, as well as in the group with medium ВА severity. Th ere were no statistically signifi cant diff erences in the polymorphisms IL4 rs2243250,
IL5 rs2069812, IFNγ rs2069705 between the patient groups and controls. When determined the concentration of cytokines in EBC, only trace amounts of
the analytes under study were revealed. Th e concentration values for the IL-13, IL-17A and IL-4 cytokines were slightly above the sensitivity threshold of the
method and the kit used. IFN-γ and IL-5 were detected only in two patients.
Conclusion. No association of polymorphic genes with cytokine concentration levels in the expired breath condensate was found in the study

Th e aim of the research. To determine the predictors of a decrease in the quality of life of patients with the senile asthenia syndrome and paroxysmal atrial
fi brillation.
Material and methods. A total of 45 patients aged over 65 with paroxysmal atrial fi brillation (AF) and senile asthenia (SA) syndrome were selected and constituted the main group. A control group of 43 apparently healthy individuals was formed as well. Th e search for predictors of a decrease in the quality of life
(QoL) in patients with SA syndrome and paroxysmal AF was carried out based on standardised laboratory and instrumental studies.
Results. Th e QoL of patients with SA syndrome and paroxysmal AF is declined according to indicators relevant for apparently healthy individuals comparable
in age and gender characteristics. In comparison to men, women have demonstrated a decrease of the QoL according to three of the four scales of physical
health: PF, RP, GH, and on two scales of psychosocial health: RE and MH. In the age group of subject aged over 75, mainly the indicators of physical status –
PF, RP and GH – were reduced. With GFR lowering to less than 60 ml/min, there is predominantly a decline in the physical aspect of the QoL as well as
a decrease in vital activity. Deterioration in the QoL was determined on two scales of the physical aspect of health – PF and RP – against the background of
HR higher than 80 bpm, while no changes in the psychosocial aspect were diagnosed.
Conclusion. Th e quality of life of patients with the senile asthenia syndrome and paroxysmal AF has the worst values on absolutely all scales of the physical
aspect of health, whereas the psychosocial sphere is less involved and only vital activity and role-based emotional functioning are reduced. Predictors of QoL
deterioration in patients with the SA syndrome and paroxysmal AF are: the age of 75 or older, the female gender, a decrease in GFR down to 60 ml/min and
an increase in the heart rate to over 80 bpm. Th us, rational nephroprotective therapy and heart rate control contribute to the improvement in the quality of
life of patients with the SA syndrome and paroxysmal AF.

Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a natural focal zoonotic infection endemic to certain regions of the Russian Federation. Lack
of experience and alertness among clinicians in diagnosing this infection, given the absence of active natural foci in Zabaikalsky Krai and the polymorphism
of clinical manifestations, led to diagnostic errors and misdiagnoses. A total of six patients (male) from the same epidemic focus area (a shift camp in
a forest area) were diagnosed with acute respiratory disease, pneumonia, pleurisy and pyelonephritis when they sought medical help between September
and November. Th e diseases were mild to moderate and characterised by fever, intoxication, cathartic-respiratory and haemorrhagic manifestations, lung
damage and decreased diuresis. Th e correct diagnosis of HFRS was only established through retrospective epidemiological analysis using the serological
method. Due to clinical thinking and certain alertness to HFRS, the correct diagnosis was only established for two patients. Th e second case ended being
fatal due to rapid development of a severe complication. Comprehensive analysis of the clinical and epidemiological data of the cases presented in the
paper enables the clinicians to perform provisional diagnosis correctly and to administer the necessary laboratory tests in order to confi rm the diagnosis
of HFRS

Th e aim of the research was to evaluate the possibilities of using saliva as an indicator of mental and physical stress in the bioluminescent method.
Material and methods. Th e object of the study was the saliva of schoolchildren (15-16 years old, n=15), students (19-20 years old, Krasnoyarsk State Medical
University and Surgut State University, n=227) and athletes (19-20 years old, n=25). Saliva sampling was performed before and aft er muscle tension and
psycho-emotional stress.
Th e bacterial bioenzyme system NADH:FMN-oxidoreductase + luciferase was used as a test system. Th e residual glow intensity was used as an integral
indicator of body fatigue [1, 2].
Results. It shows the greatest fatigue of schoolchildren aft er mental stress and the least fatigue aft er physical exertion. Boys got tired aft er physical exertion,
girls aft er mental exertion. Physical activity tired the excellent schoolchildren. Mental stress caused fatigue of the good schoolchildren.
Th e fatigue of students during the study session was revealed, regardless of the region of residence and the component composition of saliva. Students had
the same index of stress resistance regardless of the state of rest or mental stress. Indicators of situational and personal anxiety were higher among students
from the northern regions.
For the fi rst time, the least fatigue of highly qualifi ed athletes was shown during high-intensity physical activity, which distinguishes them from low-skilled
athletes. Th e concentration of lactate in the saliva of athletes increased with fatigue.
Conclusion. Mental and physical overload aff ect schoolchildren regardless of their academic performance and length of study. Psychological or emotional
stress causes fatigue of the students’ body, regardless of the component composition of their saliva and the region of residence. Physical (muscular) tension of
varying intensity tires the body of highly qualifi ed athletes to a lesser extent, which makes it possible to reveal their high stress resistance to overloads. Th us,
saliva can serve as an indicator of mental and physical stress in the bioluminescent method.
It is planned to develop new express methods for pre-trip inspections of railway employees

Th e aim. To study the relationship between the level of anxiety (personal and situational) of student-athletes and the metabolomic profi le of blood
plasma.In the study in April 2021, on the basis of informed voluntary consent, 17 student-athletes (mas-wrestling) of the fi rst courses of the Institute of
Physical Culture and Sports of NEFU named aft er. M.K. Ammosova. Th e results obtained indicate a correlation between the level of anxiety (ST and LT) and
metabolic processes in the body, as a result of which the profi le of low molecular weight compounds diff ers.

Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder with impaired social communication and stereotypical behavior. Olfactory stimulation has interesting
eff ects. By using the olfactory stimulation we can change social behavior and anxiety in mice.

1. Geier DA, Kern JK, Geier MR. A prospective Crosssectional Cohort Assessment of Health, Physical, and
Behavioral Problems in Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Maedica (Bucur). 2012;7(3):193-200.
2. Van der Linden CJ, Gupta P, Bhuiya AI, Riddick KR,
Hossain L, Santoro SW. Olfactory stimulation regulates
the birth of neurons that express specifi c odorant
receptors. Cell Reports. 2020;(33):1-14.

Oxytocin in brain neurons is secreted somato-axono-dendritically and CD38-dependent fashion into the brain and released from the nerve
terminals in the posterior pituitary into the circulation.Regarding possible candidates, we suspected the receptor for advanced glycation end-products
(receptor for AGEs, RAGE) transports OT from the peripheral blood into the brain by RAGE in endothelial cells at the BBB.

The cerebral cortex has markedly changed during evolution. Using our technique, here we examined the mechanisms regulating the number of
astrocytes in the cerebral cortex

To identify the age characteristics of the psycho-emotional tension of the indigenous inhabitants of the Arctic (Evenks), permanently residing in
the Olenek Evenki national region. Th e highest level of psycho-emotional stress is found in Evenk men in the age group of 35-50 years, and in Evenk women in the age group of 51-64 years.

Th e aim of the research. Internet addiction (IA) is a relatively new psychological phenomenon having signs of a social epidemic, specifi cally attributed to
vulnerable groups (adolescents). Th e prevalence of IA among adolescents varies depending on the studied ethnosocial groups and the diagnostic criteria.
In Europe, the prevalence of IA among adolescents is on average 4.4 % [1]. In Asian countries (China, South Korea, Japan, etc.), the prevalence of IA is
signifi cantly higher – 8.1-26.5 % [2]. Th e genetic component of developing Internet addiction was shown by twin studies using various populations, however,
to date, the specifi c genes involved in the mechanisms of such heritability are not exactly identifi ed [3].
Th e purpose of with work was to study the prevalence of Internet addiction options, diff erent in severity, addiction pattern and content, in adolescents
from ethnically diff erent cities, to assess the frequency of mental and somatic comorbidity in selected groups, to investigate the associative role of candidate
neurotransmitters and to conduct a population analysis of polymorphisms of candidate genes oxytocin-, dopamine-, serotonin-, norepinephrine-, melatoninand nicotinergic neurotransmitter systems.
Material and methods. Th e study of genetic predisposition to IA included adolescents living in Krasnoyarsk (n = 359), adolescents from Abakan (n = 150)
and from Kyzyl (n = 200). In total 16 SNPs were genotyped by RT-PCR.
Results. For the fi rst time, data were obtained on the prevalence of IA among urban adolescents in Central Siberia – pathological Internet addicted behavior
was registered in 6.8 % of an unbiased school sample in Krasnoyarsk (using a CIAS scale). Th e Internet addiction structure was as follows: Adaptive Internet
Usage (expected frequency 60-75 %), revealed frequency – 46.9 %; Non-adaptive Internet Usage (expected frequency 20-30%), revealed frequency – 31.3 %
and Internet Addiction (expected frequency 5-10 %), revealed frequency – 21.8. It is noteworthy that the frequency of non-adaptive adolescents among
Tuvans is 45 %.
Conclusion. Genotypes including the T allele rs1044396 CHRNA4 can be considered protective against IA among the Caucasians, while the CC genotype
is predisposing to IA. Th e heterozygous variant CG rs2229910 NTRK3 can be considered protective against IA, and the GG genotype is predisposing to
pathological IA among the Caucasian adolescents.

Th e aim of the research. To study the impact of using various methods of educational kinesiology in the process of learning to play a wind
instrument. Materials and methods. Analysis of the formation of the kinesiological direction in the context of its historical development. Adaptation of
exercises, which are borrowed from educational kinesiology to the system of music education. Results. Th e emergence of musical kinesiology as a separate
branch of kinesiology. Consideration of its positive impact on the process of learning to play a wind instrument and, as a result, an increase in the quality
of training of musicians. Conclusion. Th e use of kinesiological methods helps to diversify classes in musical institutions and helps to increase interest in the
profession of a performer. Confl ict of interest. Th e authors declare the absence of obvious and potential confl icts of interest associated with the publication of this article

Th e value self-determination of adolescents is a process of self-organization, balancing on the edge of chaos fi lled with attractors. Pedagogical
support of value self-determination is a resonance excitation of the system in a state of chaos (psychological trauma). Pedagogical infl uence at the point of
bifurcation causes the “attraction” of positive attractors, the formation of new value structures.

Domestication is one of the important evolutionary and genetic problems of biology. It addresses fundamental evolution aspects as well as allows
us to study mechanisms of aggression, pro-social behavior and anthropogenesis. One of the potential key mechanisms of domestication may be associated
with the central oxytocin (OT) system. OT has been repeatedly shown to exhibit pro-social and anxiolytic eff ects rodents, dogs, humans and other species [1].
In our study, we used intranasal OT administration on Siberian tame foxes and non-selected one. It is well-known experimental domestication model of. Th e
OT eff ect on behavior had been investigated in intermale interactions (triple cage aft er adaptation) and human contact (new enclosure).
OT administration increased patterns of playful (crouches on paws), affi liative (friendly) behavior, motor (fast move) and mixed activity in male-to-male
interactions in tame foxes, whereas in case of unselected foxes, OT administration increased behavior patterns associated with anxiety (latent time for home
cage exit, freezing, total time in home cage). In fox-human interactions, OT administration had the greatest eff ect on increasing the time tamed fox stayed at
less than a meter away from a human. It is this parameter that is the defi ning one in similar tests on dogs.
Th e results allow to suggest that OT has a context-dependent eff ect rather than explicitly pro-social eff ect in the tests, therefore amplifying the perception of
social conditions according to the social salience hypothesis of OT.
OT eff ect is associated with emotional positive and negative animal behaviors toward human that could be related to the genotype. Such OT eff ect might
separate animals into more or less tolerant to humans under the same early domestication conditions.

Emotions play one of the most integral roles in human experience, but it is still considered diffi cult to explain scientifi cally. From an evolutionary
perspective, emotions greatly contribute to the ability to survive. If until recently we were talking about an epidemic of aff ective disorders and that they occupy a
leading position in the structure of brain diseases, now the situation is aggravated by a dramatic increase in the number of aff ective disorders during the COVID-19
pandemic. In this article, we discuss the anatomical and biochemical basis of emotion formation and how it relates to cognition and emotional intelligence.

Abstracts of the report on the study of the standard of living of students in the period 2018-2021. Th e study revealed mental problems of rejection
of poverty among people with higher education. Th is phenomenon should be taken into account when forming the design of social research.

Abstract. A modern assessment of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders indicates an increase in the number of patients [1]. As a rule, rates up to 3-4
cases per 10,000 of the population refl ect the prevalence of typical forms of autistic disorders, such as early childhood autism and Kanner’s syndrome [2]. With
a broader assessment of other disorders that are included in the group of general disorders of mental development, the prevalence rates increase from 7.6 per
1000 to 157 per 10,000 [3, 4]. A signifi cant increase in patients with childhood and older autism inevitably leads to the actualisation of scientifi c research on
social problems [5].
Th e aim of the research: to study the social characteristics of patients with autistic disorders of childhood, hospitalised in a psychiatric hospital for the fi rst
time.
Results: a ccording to the results of a comparative analysis, children with autism were signifi cantly more have a disability group than children with mental
retardation (53.3 % and 13.5 %, p<0.05), and were also signifi cantly less to be social orphans and were fully supported by the state till the time of fi rst
hospitalisation (2.6 % and 35.1 %, p<0.05). It was found that a relatively comparable number of children of both groups lived in single-parent families (20.5 %
and 25.7 %); statistical signifi cance corresponded to the level of random diff erences in this indicator. Th ere was a clear trend towards a more prosperous
situation for autistic children. Patients with autism spectrum disorder were less likely than those with intellectual disability to be in care (5.1 % vs. 21.6 %)
and also less likely to have parents with alcohol or drug addiction (7.7 % vs. 20.3 %). However, the assessment of statistical signifi cance in order to recognise
the signifi cant diff erences between groups in these parameters did not reach a statistically signifi cant level.
Conclusions: it was found that paediatric patients with autism spectrum disorders, who were fi rst hospitalised in a hospital, were signifi cantly more come
from a more prosperous family environment than patients with mental retardation.

Serotonin system participates in control of feeding behavior and energy balance jointly with hypothalamic neurohormonal systems. Tryptophan
hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) is a key enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis in CNS. We compared TPH2 level in the hypothalamus and the midbrain and to evaluate
neuroprotective mechanisms activated in metabolic syndrome.

In the mammalian brain AgRP is expressed in the neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). Th e obtained data indicate the inhibitory
eff ect of AGRP on the DA- and NE- brain neurons, which can eff ect through GPCR asossiated MCR3/4 signaling and through GPCR uncoupled.